Param a = 5 Param k = 4 Param r = 10 Param s = 4 Param w = 0.75 Sat Mar 5 13:30:36 UTC 2011 
There are 417 lines in sewell_second_look.txt
There are 1468 lines in sewell_itb_ch3-4-5.txt
There are 3115 words in sewell_second_look.txt
There are 11541 words in sewell_itb_ch3-4-5.txt
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Match 1 (1): Reference (000033 .. 000043, of 3115): Subject (005797 .. 005805, of 11541):
does not violate the second law of thermodynamics because the Earth does not violate the second law because the Earth
Match 2 (1): Reference (000042 .. 000058, of 3115): Subject (010775 .. 010791, of 11541):
the Earth is an open system and anything can happen in an open system as long as the Earth is an open system and order can increase in an open system as long as
Match 3 (1): Reference (000122 .. 000155, of 3115): Subject (005286 .. 005313, of 11541):
say that the X order cannot increase in a closed system but that they also say that in an open system the X order cannot increase faster than it is imported through the boundary say that order cannot increase in a closed system they also say that in an open system order cannot increase faster than it is imported through the boundary
Match 4 (1): Reference (000172 .. 000207, of 3115): Subject (011257 .. 011292, of 11541):
the tautology that if an increase in order is extremely improbable when a system is closed it is still extremely improbable when the system is open unless something is entering which makes it not extremely improbable the tautology that if an increase in order is extremely improbable when a system is closed it is still extremely improbable when the system is open unless something is entering which makes it not extremely improbable
Match 5 (1): Reference (000224 .. 000235, of 3115): Subject (005555 .. 005562, of 11541):
makes the appearance of spaceships computers and the Internet not extremely improbable makes the appearance of computers not extremely improbable
Match 6 (1): Reference (000301 .. 000314, of 3115): Subject (002003 .. 002016, of 11541):
four known forces of physics the gravitational electromagnetic and strong and weak nuclear forces four known forces of physics the gravitational electromagnetic and strong and weak nuclear forces
Match 7 (1): Reference (000342 .. 000360, of 3115): Subject (002206 .. 002224, of 11541):
One of the most remarkable simplifications in physics is that only four distinct forces account for all known phenomena One of the most remarkable simplifications in physics is that only four distinct forces account for all known phenomena
Match 8 (1): Reference (000390 .. 000400, of 3115): Subject (004853 .. 004863, of 11541):
to violate the second law of thermodynamics in a spectacular way to violate the second law of thermodynamics in a spectacular way
Match 9 (1): Reference (000403 .. 000473, of 3115): Subject (001937 .. 002007, of 11541):
I imagine visiting the Earth when it was young and returning now to find highways with automobiles on them airports with jet airplanes and tall buildings full of complicated equipment such as televisions telephones and computers Then I imagine the construction of a gigantic computer model which starts with the initial conditions on Earth 4 billion years ago and tries to simulate the effects that the four known forces of physics I imagine visiting the Earth when it was young and returning now to find highways with automobiles on them airports with jet airplanes and tall buildings full of complicated equipment such as televisions telephones and computers Then I imagine the construction of a gigantic computer model which starts with the initial conditions on Earth 4 billion years ago and tries to simulate the effects that the four known forces of physics
Match 10 (1): Reference (000471 .. 000485, of 3115): Subject (002016 .. 002028, of 11541):
forces of physics would have on every atom and every subatomic particle on our planet forces would have on every atom and every subatomic particle on our planet
Match 11 (1): Reference (000486 .. 000588, of 3115): Subject (002038 .. 002140, of 11541):
If we ran such a simulation out to the present day would it predict that the basic forces of Nature would reorganize the basic particles of Nature into libraries full of encyclopedias science texts and novels nuclear power plants aircraft carriers with supersonic jets parked on deck and computers connected to laser printers CRTs and keyboards If we graphically displayed the positions of the atoms at the end of the simulation would we find that cars and trucks had formed or that supercomputers had arisen Certainly we would not and I do not believe that adding sunlight to the model would help much If we ran such a simulation out to the present day would it predict that the basic forces of Nature would reorganize the basic particles of Nature into libraries full of encyclopedias science texts and novels nuclear power plants aircraft carriers with supersonic jets parked on deck and computers connected to laser printers CRTs and keyboards If we graphically displayed the positions of the atoms at the end of the simulation would we find that cars and trucks had formed or that supercomputers had arisen Certainly we would not and I do not believe that adding sunlight to the model would help much
Match 12 (1): Reference (000589 .. 000614, of 3115): Subject (004864 .. 004889, of 11541):
Anyone who has made such an argument is familiar with the standard reply the Earth is an open system it receives energy from the sun and Anyone who has made such an argument is familiar with the standard reply the Earth is an open system it receives energy from the sun and
Match 13 (1): Reference (000618 .. 000633, of 3115): Subject (004893 .. 004908, of 11541):
in an open system as long as it is compensated somehow by a comparable or greater in an open system as long as it is compensated somehow by a comparable or greater
Match 14 (1): Reference (000838 .. 000923, of 3115): Subject (004913 .. 005002, of 11541):
Peter Urone in College Physics writes Some people misuse the second law of thermodynamics stated in terms of entropy to say that the existence and evolution of life violate the law and thus require divine intervention It is true that the evolution of life from inert matter to its present forms represents a large decrease in entropy for living systems But it is always possible for the entropy of one part of the universe to decrease provided the total change in entropy of the universe increases Peter Urone for example in College Physics Urone 2001 writes Some people misuse the second law of thermodynamics stated in terms of entropy to say that the existence and evolution of life violate the law and thus require divine intervention It is true that the evolution of life from inert matter to its present forms represents a large decrease in entropy for living systems But it is always possible for the entropy of one part of the universe to decrease provided the total change in entropy of the universe increases
Match 15 (1): Reference (000968 .. 001038, of 3115): Subject (010818 .. 010888, of 11541):
write In a certain sense the development of civilization may appear contradictory to the second law Even though society can effect local reductions in entropy the general and universal trend of entropy increase easily swamps the anomalous but important efforts of civilized man Each localized man made or machine made entropy decrease is accompanied by a greater increase in entropy of the surroundings thereby maintaining the required increase in total entropy write In a certain sense the development of civilization may appear contradictory to the second law Even though society can effect local reductions in entropy the general and universal trend of entropy increase easily swamps the anomalous but important efforts of civilized man Each localized man made or machine made entropy decrease is accompanied by a greater increase in entropy of the surroundings thereby maintaining the required increase in total entropy
Match 16 (1): Reference (001058 .. 001075, of 3115): Subject (005074 .. 005090, of 11541):
makes no sense logically an extremely improbable event is not rendered less improbable simply by the occurrence of makes no sense logically an extremely improbable event is not rendered less improbable by the occurrence of
Match 17 (1): Reference (001079 .. 001122, of 3115): Subject (005003 .. 005046, of 11541):
According to this reasoning the second law does not prevent scrap metal from reorganizing itself into a computer in one room as long as two computers in the next room are rusting into scrap metal and the door is open 1 Or the thermal According to this reasoning then the second law does not prevent scrap metal from reorganizing itself into a computer in one room as long as two computers in the next room are rusting into scrap metal and the door is open Or the thermal
Match 18 (1): Reference (001124 .. 001134, of 3115): Subject (005048 .. 005058, of 11541):
in the next room is increasing though I am not sure in the next room is decreasing though I m not sure
Match 19 (1): Reference (001188 .. 001206, of 3115): Subject (010043 .. 010061, of 11541):
Consider the diffusion conduction of heat in a solid R with absolute temperature distribution U x y z t Consider the diffusion conduction of heat in a solid R with absolute temperature distribution U x y z t
Match 20 (1): Reference (001210 .. 001255, of 3115): Subject (010066 .. 010110, of 11541):
of thermodynamics conservation of energy requires that Qt J 1 where Q is the heat energy density Qt c Ut and J is the heat flux vector The second law requires that the flux be in a direction in which the temperature is decreasing i e of thermodynamics conservation of energy Qt 7 J 5 1 Where Q Q cpU is the heat energy density and J is the heat flux vector The second law requires that the flux be in a direction in which the temperature is decreasing i e
Match 21 (1): Reference (001261 .. 001284, of 3115): Subject (010145 .. 010168, of 11541):
2 simply says that heat flows from hot to cold regions because the laws of probability favor a more uniform distribution of heat energy 2 simply says that heat flows from hot to cold regions because the laws of probability favor a more uniform distribution of heat energy
Match 22 (1): Reference (001331 .. 001362, of 3115): Subject (010169 .. 010200, of 11541):
Thermal entropy is a quantity that is used to measure randomness in the distribution of heat The rate of change of thermal entropy S is given by the usual definition as St Thermal entropy is a quantity that is used to measure randomness in the distribution of heat The rate of change of thermal entropy S is given by the usual definition as St
Match 23 (1): Reference (001391 .. 001422, of 3115): Subject (010225 .. 010259, of 11541):
J n U dA 4 where n is the outward unit normal on the boundary R From the second law 2 we see that the volume integral is nonnegative and so St J Uen dA 5 4 R oR where n is the outward unit normal on the boundary 8R From the second law 5 2 we see that the volume integral is nonnegative and so St
Match 24 (1): Reference (001427 .. 001498, of 3115): Subject (010262 .. 010337, of 11541):
dA 5 From 5 it follows that St 0 in an isolated closed system where there is no heat flux through the boundary J n 0 Hence in a closed system the entropy can never decrease Since thermal entropy measures randomness disorder in the distribution of heat its opposite negative can be referred to as thermal order and we can say that the thermal order can never increase in a closed system UdA 5 5 Jen oR From 5 5 it follows that St 2 0 in an isolated closed system where there is no heat flux through the boundary J en 0 Hence in a closed system entropy can never decrease Since thermal entropy measures randomnesS disorder in the distribution of heat its opposite negative can be referred to as thermal order and we can say that the thermal order can never increase in a closed system
Match 25 (1): Reference (001513 .. 001535, of 3115): Subject (005148 .. 005170, of 11541):
is commonly used as the model problem on which our thinking about the other less quantifiable applications is based The fact that thermal is commonly used as the model problem on which our thinking about the other less quantifiable applications is based The fact that thermal
Match 26 (1): Reference (001546 .. 001558, of 3115): Subject (005181 .. 005193, of 11541):
in an open system was used to conclude that in other applications any in an open system was used to conclude that in other applications anything
Match 27 (1): Reference (001561 .. 001574, of 3115): Subject (004893 .. 004904, of 11541):
in an open system is possible as long as it is compensated somehow by in an open system as long as it is compensated somehow by
Match 28 (1): Reference (001635 .. 001667, of 3115): Subject (010369 .. 010399, of 11541):
to measure the randomness in the distribution of any other substance X that diffuses for example we can let U x y z t represent the concentration of carbon diffusing in a solid to measure randomness in the distribution of any other substance that diffuses for example we can let U x y z t represent the concentration of carbon diffusing in a solid
Match 29 (1): Reference (001694 .. 001703, of 3115): Subject (010411 .. 010422, of 11541):
that the carbon order cannot increase in a closed system that the carbon order thus defined cannot increase in a closed system
Match 30 (1): Reference (001705 .. 001766, of 3115): Subject (010981 .. 011035, of 11541):
Furthermore Eq 5 does not simply say that the X entropy cannot decrease in a closed system it also says that in an open system the X entropy cannot decrease faster than it is exported through the boundary because the boundary integral there represents the rate at which X entropy is exported across the boundary To see this notice that without the the second law Equation 5 5 does not simply say that entropy cannot decrease in a closed system it also says that in an open system entropy cannot decrease faster than it is exported through the boundary because the boundary integral there represents the rate that entropy is exported across the boundary notice that the
Match 31 (1): Reference (001961 .. 001981, of 3115): Subject (005297 .. 005315, of 11541):
says that the X order in an open system cannot increase faster than it is imported through the boundary According to say that in an open system order cannot increase faster than it is imported through the boundary According to
Match 32 (1): Reference (001985 .. 002026, of 3115): Subject (005320 .. 005356, of 11541):
order in a system can decrease in two different ways it can be converted to disorder first integral term or it can be exported through the boundary boundary integral term It can increase in only one way by importation through the boundary order in an open system can decrease in two different ways it can be converted to disorder or it can be exported through the boundary It can increase in only one way by importation through the boundary
Match 33 (1): Reference (002030 .. 002049, of 3115): Subject (004239 .. 004256, of 11541):
The second law of thermodynamics is all about probability it uses probability at the microscopic level to predict macroscopic change The second law is all about probability it uses probability at the microscopic level to predict macroscopic change
Match 34 (1): Reference (002051 .. 002075, of 3115): Subject (004259 .. 004283, of 11541):
Carbon distributes itself more and more uniformly in an isolated solid because that is what the laws of probability predict when diffusion alone is operative carbon distributes itself more and more uniformly in an insulated solid is that is what the laws of probability predict when diffusion alone is operative
Match 35 (1): Reference (002086 .. 002100, of 3115): Subject (002190 .. 002204, of 11541):
not do macroscopically describable things which are extremely improbable from the microscopic point of view not do macroscopically describable things which are extremely improbable from the microscopic point of view
Match 36 (1): Reference (002188 .. 002199, of 3115): Subject (003798 .. 003810, of 11541):
are a variety of ways in which the second law of thermodynamics a scientist can understand requires a discussion of the second law of thermodynamics
Match 37 (1): Reference (002264 .. 002282, of 3115): Subject (004305 .. 004324, of 11541):
not vice versa is probability of all the possible arrangements atoms could take only a very small percentage could not vice versa is also probability of all the possible arrangements atoms could take only a very small percentage could
Match 38 (1): Reference (002438 .. 002461, of 3115): Subject (005596 .. 005619, of 11541):
What happens in a closed system depends on the initial conditions what happens in an open system depends on the boundary conditions as well What happens in a closed system depends on the initial conditions what happens in an open system depends on the boundary conditions as well
Match 39 (1): Reference (002462 .. 002525, of 3115): Subject (005398 .. 005460, of 11541):
The compensation counter argument was produced by people who generalized the model equation for closed systems but forgot to generalize the equation for open systems Both equations are only valid for our simple models where it is assumed that only heat conduction or diffusion is going on naturally in more complex situations the laws of probability do not make such simple predictions Nevertheless in The compensation argument was produced by people who generalized the model equation for closed systems but forgot to generalize the equation for open systems Both equations are only valid for our simple models where it is assumed that only heat conduction or diffusion is going on naturally in more complex situations the laws of probability do not make such simple predictions Nevertheless in
Match 40 (1): Reference (002533 .. 002638, of 3115): Subject (005463 .. 005568, of 11541):
I generalized the equations for open systems to the following tautology which is valid in all situations If an increase in order is extremely improbable when a system is closed it is still extremely improbable when the system is open unless something is entering which makes it not extremely improbable The fact that order is disappearing in the next room does not make it any easier for computers to appear in our room unless this order is disappearing into our room and then only if it is a type of order that makes the appearance of computers not extremely improbable for example computers Importing thermal order I generalized the equation for open systems to the following tautology which is valid in all situations If an increase in order is extremely improbable when a system is closed it is still extremely improbable when the system is open unless something is entering which makes it not extremely improbable The fact that order is disappearing in the next room does not make it any easier for computers to appear in our room unless this order is disappearing into our room and then only if it is a type of order that makes the appearance of computers not extremely improbable for example computers Importing thermal order
Match 41 (1): Reference (002644 .. 002653, of 3115): Subject (005570 .. 005579, of 11541):
make the temperature distribution less random and importing carbon order make the temperature distribution less random and importing carbon order
Match 42 (1): Reference (002655 .. 002669, of 3115): Subject (005581 .. 005595, of 11541):
make the carbon distribution less random but neither makes the formation of computers more probable make the carbon distribution less random but neither makes the formation of computers more probable
Match 43 (1): Reference (002681 .. 002692, of 3115): Subject (005358 .. 005371, of 11541):
the following Order can increase in an open system not because the the increase in carbon order in an open system cannot be greater than the
Match 44 (1): Reference (002683 .. 002792, of 3115): Subject (005634 .. 005743, of 11541):
Order can increase in an open system not because the laws of probability are suspended when the door is open but simply because order may walk in through the door If we found evidence that DNA auto parts computer chips and books entered through the Earth s atmosphere at some time in the past then perhaps the appearance of humans cars computers and encyclopedias on a previously barren planet could be explained without postulating a violation of the second law here But if all we see entering is radiation and meteorite fragments it seems clear that what is entering through the boundary cannot explain the increase in order observed here order can increase in an open system not because the laws of probability are suspended when the door is open but simply because order may walk in through the door If we found evidence that DNA auto parts computer chips and books entered through the Earth s atmosphere at some time in the past then perhaps the appearance of humans cars computers and encyclopedias on a previously barren planet could be explained without postulating a violation of the second law here But if all we see entering is radiation and meteorite fragments it seems clear that what is entering through the boundary cannot explain the increase in order observed here
Match 45 (1): Reference (002863 .. 002954, of 3115): Subject (009883 .. 009971, of 11541):
perhaps it only seems extremely improbable but really is not that under the right conditions the influx of stellar energy into a planet could cause atoms to rearrange themselves into nuclear power plants and spaceships and digital computers But one would think that at least this would be considered an open question and those who argue that it really is extremely improbable and thus contrary to the basic principle underlying the second law of thermodynamics would be given a measure of respect and taken seriously by their colleagues but we are not Perhaps it only seems extremely improbable but really isn t that under the right conditions the influx of stellar energy into a planet could cause atoms to rearrange themselves into nuclear power plants and spaceships and computers But one would think that at least this would be considered an open question and those who argue that it really is extremely improbable and thus contrary to the basic principle underlying the second law would be given a measure of respect and taken seriously by their colleagues but we aren t
Match 46 (1): Reference (002864 .. 002873, of 3115): Subject (006994 .. 007003, of 11541):
it only seems extremely improbable but really is not that it only seems extremely improbable but really isn t that
Match 47 (1): Reference (003096 .. 003110, of 3115): Subject (006081 .. 006095, of 11541):
can be described without resorting to an atom by atom or coin by coin accounting can be described without resorting to an atom by atom or coin by coin accounting 
Run Lengths: 
0001 : 5812
0010 : 3
0011 : 3
0012 : 3
0013 : 1
0014 : 2
0015 : 4
0016 : 1
0017 : 1
0018 : 1
0019 : 3
0020 : 1
0021 : 1
0023 : 1
0024 : 2
0025 : 1
0026 : 1
0032 : 2
0033 : 1
0034 : 1
0036 : 1
0042 : 1
0044 : 1
0046 : 1
0062 : 1
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0071 : 2
0072 : 1
0086 : 1
0092 : 1
0103 : 1
0106 : 1
0110 : 1

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About 1582 words out of 3116 words (51 %) in sewell_second_look.txt are due to sewell_itb_ch3-4-5.txt
sewell_second_look.txt,3116,sewell_itb_ch3-4-5.txt,11542,47,1582,51
Sat Mar  5 13:30:39 UTC 2011
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