Param a = 5 Param k = 2 Param r = 7 Param s = 4 Param w = 0.75 Sat Mar 5 13:30:39 UTC 2011

There are 417 lines in sewell_second_look.txt
There are 1468 lines in sewell_itb_ch3-4-5.txt
There are 3115 words in sewell_second_look.txt
There are 11541 words in sewell_itb_ch3-4-5.txt
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Match 1 (1): Reference (000035 .. 000041, of 3115):	Subject (004854 .. 004861, of 11541):
violate the second law of thermodynamics because	violate the second law of thermodynamics in a
Match 2 (1): Reference (000042 .. 000048, of 3115):	Subject (010775 .. 010781, of 11541):
the Earth is an open system and	the Earth is an open system and
Match 3 (1): Reference (000049 .. 000058, of 3115):	Subject (005193 .. 005202, of 11541):
anything can happen in an open system as long as	anything can happen in an open system as long as
Match 4 (1): Reference (000078 .. 000084, of 3115):	Subject (005270 .. 005275, of 11541):
to be the entropy associated with any	to the entropy associated with anything
Match 5 (1): Reference (000108 .. 000116, of 3115):	Subject (005252 .. 005260, of 11541):
a closer look at the equations for entropy change	a closer look at the equations for entropy change
Match 6 (1): Reference (000126 .. 000133, of 3115):	Subject (005171 .. 005178, of 11541):
order cannot increase in a closed system but	order cannot increase in a closed system but
Match 7 (1): Reference (000135 .. 000142, of 3115):	Subject (005295 .. 005302, of 11541):
they also say that in an open system	they also say that in an open system
Match 8 (1): Reference (000145 .. 000155, of 3115):	Subject (005303 .. 005313, of 11541):
order cannot increase faster than it is imported through the boundary	order cannot increase faster than it is imported through the boundary
Match 9 (1): Reference (000172 .. 000207, of 3115):	Subject (011257 .. 011292, of 11541):
the tautology that if an increase in order is extremely improbable when a system is closed it is still extremely improbable when the system is open unless something is entering which makes it not extremely improbable	the tautology that if an increase in order is extremely improbable when a system is closed it is still extremely improbable when the system is open unless something is entering which makes it not extremely improbable
Match 10 (1): Reference (000301 .. 000314, of 3115):	Subject (002003 .. 002016, of 11541):
four known forces of physics the gravitational electromagnetic and strong and weak nuclear forces	four known forces of physics the gravitational electromagnetic and strong and weak nuclear forces
Match 11 (1): Reference (000342 .. 000360, of 3115):	Subject (002206 .. 002224, of 11541):
One of the most remarkable simplifications in physics is that only four distinct forces account for all known phenomena	One of the most remarkable simplifications in physics is that only four distinct forces account for all known phenomena
Match 12 (1): Reference (000390 .. 000396, of 3115):	Subject (001691 .. 001697, of 11541):
to violate the second law of thermodynamics	to violate the second law of thermodynamics
Match 13 (1): Reference (000390 .. 000400, of 3115):	Subject (004853 .. 004863, of 11541):
to violate the second law of thermodynamics in a spectacular way	to violate the second law of thermodynamics in a spectacular way
Match 14 (1): Reference (000403 .. 000473, of 3115):	Subject (001937 .. 002007, of 11541):
I imagine visiting the Earth when it was young and returning now to find highways with automobiles on them airports with jet airplanes and tall buildings full of complicated equipment such as televisions telephones and computers Then I imagine the construction of a gigantic computer model which starts with the initial conditions on Earth 4 billion years ago and tries to simulate the effects that the four known forces of physics	I imagine visiting the Earth when it was young and returning now to find highways with automobiles on them airports with jet airplanes and tall buildings full of complicated equipment such as televisions telephones and computers Then I imagine the construction of a gigantic computer model which starts with the initial conditions on Earth 4 billion years ago and tries to simulate the effects that the four known forces of physics
Match 15 (1): Reference (000474 .. 000485, of 3115):	Subject (002017 .. 002028, of 11541):
would have on every atom and every subatomic particle on our planet	would have on every atom and every subatomic particle on our planet
Match 16 (1): Reference (000486 .. 000588, of 3115):	Subject (002038 .. 002140, of 11541):
If we ran such a simulation out to the present day would it predict that the basic forces of Nature would reorganize the basic particles of Nature into libraries full of encyclopedias science texts and novels nuclear power plants aircraft carriers with supersonic jets parked on deck and computers connected to laser printers CRTs and keyboards If we graphically displayed the positions of the atoms at the end of the simulation would we find that cars and trucks had formed or that supercomputers had arisen Certainly we would not and I do not believe that adding sunlight to the model would help much	If we ran such a simulation out to the present day would it predict that the basic forces of Nature would reorganize the basic particles of Nature into libraries full of encyclopedias science texts and novels nuclear power plants aircraft carriers with supersonic jets parked on deck and computers connected to laser printers CRTs and keyboards If we graphically displayed the positions of the atoms at the end of the simulation would we find that cars and trucks had formed or that supercomputers had arisen Certainly we would not and I do not believe that adding sunlight to the model would help much
Match 17 (1): Reference (000589 .. 000614, of 3115):	Subject (004864 .. 004889, of 11541):
Anyone who has made such an argument is familiar with the standard reply the Earth is an open system it receives energy from the sun and	Anyone who has made such an argument is familiar with the standard reply the Earth is an open system it receives energy from the sun and
Match 18 (1): Reference (000618 .. 000633, of 3115):	Subject (004893 .. 004908, of 11541):
in an open system as long as it is compensated somehow by a comparable or greater	in an open system as long as it is compensated somehow by a comparable or greater
Match 19 (1): Reference (000843 .. 000923, of 3115):	Subject (004922 .. 005002, of 11541):
writes Some people misuse the second law of thermodynamics stated in terms of entropy to say that the existence and evolution of life violate the law and thus require divine intervention It is true that the evolution of life from inert matter to its present forms represents a large decrease in entropy for living systems But it is always possible for the entropy of one part of the universe to decrease provided the total change in entropy of the universe increases	writes Some people misuse the second law of thermodynamics stated in terms of entropy to say that the existence and evolution of life violate the law and thus require divine intervention It is true that the evolution of life from inert matter to its present forms represents a large decrease in entropy for living systems But it is always possible for the entropy of one part of the universe to decrease provided the total change in entropy of the universe increases
Match 20 (1): Reference (000968 .. 001038, of 3115):	Subject (010818 .. 010888, of 11541):
write In a certain sense the development of civilization may appear contradictory to the second law Even though society can effect local reductions in entropy the general and universal trend of entropy increase easily swamps the anomalous but important efforts of civilized man Each localized man made or machine made entropy decrease is accompanied by a greater increase in entropy of the surroundings thereby maintaining the required increase in total entropy	write In a certain sense the development of civilization may appear contradictory to the second law Even though society can effect local reductions in entropy the general and universal trend of entropy increase easily swamps the anomalous but important efforts of civilized man Each localized man made or machine made entropy decrease is accompanied by a greater increase in entropy of the surroundings thereby maintaining the required increase in total entropy
Match 21 (1): Reference (001058 .. 001075, of 3115):	Subject (005074 .. 005090, of 11541):
makes no sense logically an extremely improbable event is not rendered less improbable simply by the occurrence of	makes no sense logically an extremely improbable event is not rendered less improbable by the occurrence of
Match 22 (1): Reference (001079 .. 001122, of 3115):	Subject (005003 .. 005046, of 11541):
According to this reasoning the second law does not prevent scrap metal from reorganizing itself into a computer in one room as long as two computers in the next room are rusting into scrap metal and the door is open 1 Or the thermal	According to this reasoning then the second law does not prevent scrap metal from reorganizing itself into a computer in one room as long as two computers in the next room are rusting into scrap metal and the door is open Or the thermal
Match 23 (1): Reference (001124 .. 001134, of 3115):	Subject (005048 .. 005058, of 11541):
in the next room is increasing though I am not sure	in the next room is decreasing though I m not sure
Match 24 (1): Reference (001155 .. 001161, of 3115):	Subject (005254 .. 005260, of 11541):
look at the equations for entropy change	look at the equations for entropy change
Match 25 (1): Reference (001181 .. 001187, of 3115):	Subject (005624 .. 005630, of 11541):
Can ANYTHING Happen in an Open System	Can ANYTHING Happen in an Open System
Match 26 (1): Reference (001188 .. 001206, of 3115):	Subject (010043 .. 010061, of 11541):
Consider the diffusion conduction of heat in a solid R with absolute temperature distribution U x y z t	Consider the diffusion conduction of heat in a solid R with absolute temperature distribution U x y z t
Match 27 (1): Reference (001217 .. 001226, of 3115):	Subject (010071 .. 010084, of 11541):
Qt J 1 where Q is the heat energy density	Qt 7 J 5 1 Where Q Q cpU is the heat energy density
Match 28 (1): Reference (001230 .. 001255, of 3115):	Subject (010085 .. 010110, of 11541):
and J is the heat flux vector The second law requires that the flux be in a direction in which the temperature is decreasing i e	and J is the heat flux vector The second law requires that the flux be in a direction in which the temperature is decreasing i e
Match 29 (1): Reference (001261 .. 001284, of 3115):	Subject (010145 .. 010168, of 11541):
2 simply says that heat flows from hot to cold regions because the laws of probability favor a more uniform distribution of heat energy	2 simply says that heat flows from hot to cold regions because the laws of probability favor a more uniform distribution of heat energy
Match 30 (1): Reference (001331 .. 001362, of 3115):	Subject (010169 .. 010200, of 11541):
Thermal entropy is a quantity that is used to measure randomness in the distribution of heat The rate of change of thermal entropy S is given by the usual definition as St	Thermal entropy is a quantity that is used to measure randomness in the distribution of heat The rate of change of thermal entropy S is given by the usual definition as St
Match 31 (1): Reference (001396 .. 001422, of 3115):	Subject (010232 .. 010259, of 11541):
where n is the outward unit normal on the boundary R From the second law 2 we see that the volume integral is nonnegative and so St	where n is the outward unit normal on the boundary 8R From the second law 5 2 we see that the volume integral is nonnegative and so St
Match 32 (1): Reference (001429 .. 001498, of 3115):	Subject (010267 .. 010337, of 11541):
From 5 it follows that St 0 in an isolated closed system where there is no heat flux through the boundary J n 0 Hence in a closed system the entropy can never decrease Since thermal entropy measures randomness disorder in the distribution of heat its opposite negative can be referred to as thermal order and we can say that the thermal order can never increase in a closed system	From 5 5 it follows that St 2 0 in an isolated closed system where there is no heat flux through the boundary J en 0 Hence in a closed system entropy can never decrease Since thermal entropy measures randomnesS disorder in the distribution of heat its opposite negative can be referred to as thermal order and we can say that the thermal order can never increase in a closed system
Match 33 (1): Reference (001513 .. 001535, of 3115):	Subject (005148 .. 005170, of 11541):
is commonly used as the model problem on which our thinking about the other less quantifiable applications is based The fact that thermal	is commonly used as the model problem on which our thinking about the other less quantifiable applications is based The fact that thermal
Match 34 (1): Reference (001534 .. 001542, of 3115):	Subject (010991 .. 010998, of 11541):
that thermal entropy cannot decrease in a closed system	that entropy cannot decrease in a closed system
Match 35 (1): Reference (001539 .. 001546, of 3115):	Subject (011124 .. 011129, of 11541):
in a closed system but can decrease in	in a system can decrease in
Match 36 (1): Reference (001546 .. 001558, of 3115):	Subject (005181 .. 005193, of 11541):
in an open system was used to conclude that in other applications any	in an open system was used to conclude that in other applications anything
Match 37 (1): Reference (001567 .. 001574, of 3115):	Subject (004897 .. 004904, of 11541):
as long as it is compensated somehow by	as long as it is compensated somehow by
Match 38 (1): Reference (001576 .. 001583, of 3115):	Subject (005208 .. 005215, of 11541):
increases outside this system so that the total	decreases outside this system so that the total
Match 39 (1): Reference (001592 .. 001605, of 3115):	Subject (005217 .. 005229, of 11541):
in the universe or any other closed system containing the open system still increases	in the universe or any closed system containing the open system still decreases
Match 40 (1): Reference (001607 .. 001614, of 3115):	Subject (010348 .. 010355, of 11541):
there is really nothing special about thermal entropy	there is really nothing special about thermal entropy
Match 41 (1): Reference (001624 .. 001632, of 3115):	Subject (010357 .. 010363, of 11541):
can define an X entropy and an X order	can define another entropy and another order
Match 42 (1): Reference (001635 .. 001642, of 3115):	Subject (010177 .. 010183, of 11541):
to measure the randomness in the distribution of	to measure randomness in the distribution of
Match 43 (1): Reference (001635 .. 001667, of 3115):	Subject (010369 .. 010399, of 11541):
to measure the randomness in the distribution of any other substance X that diffuses for example we can let U x y z t represent the concentration of carbon diffusing in a solid	to measure randomness in the distribution of any other substance that diffuses for example we can let U x y z t represent the concentration of carbon diffusing in a solid
Match 44 (1): Reference (001697 .. 001703, of 3115):	Subject (005171 .. 005177, of 11541):
order cannot increase in a closed system	order cannot increase in a closed system
Match 45 (1): Reference (001706 .. 001712, of 3115):	Subject (010984 .. 010991, of 11541):
Eq 5 does not simply say that	Equation 5 5 does not simply say that
Match 46 (1): Reference (001715 .. 001729, of 3115):	Subject (010992 .. 011006, of 11541):
entropy cannot decrease in a closed system it also says that in an open system	entropy cannot decrease in a closed system it also says that in an open system
Match 47 (1): Reference (001732 .. 001751, of 3115):	Subject (011007 .. 011026, of 11541):
entropy cannot decrease faster than it is exported through the boundary because the boundary integral there represents the rate at	entropy cannot decrease faster than it is exported through the boundary because the boundary integral there represents the rate that
Match 48 (1): Reference (001966 .. 001981, of 3115):	Subject (005299 .. 005315, of 11541):
in an open system cannot increase faster than it is imported through the boundary According to	in an open system order cannot increase faster than it is imported through the boundary According to
Match 49 (1): Reference (001985 .. 002000, of 3115):	Subject (005320 .. 005336, of 11541):
order in a system can decrease in two different ways it can be converted to disorder	order in an open system can decrease in two different ways it can be converted to disorder
Match 50 (1): Reference (001985 .. 002026, of 3115):	Subject (011123 .. 011164, of 11541):
order in a system can decrease in two different ways it can be converted to disorder first integral term or it can be exported through the boundary boundary integral term It can increase in only one way by importation through the boundary	order in a system can decrease in two different ways it can be converted to disorder first integral term or it can be exported through the boundary boundary integral term It can increase in only one way by importation through the boundary
Match 51 (1): Reference (002035 .. 002049, of 3115):	Subject (004242 .. 004256, of 11541):
is all about probability it uses probability at the microscopic level to predict macroscopic change	is all about probability it uses probability at the microscopic level to predict macroscopic change
Match 52 (1): Reference (002051 .. 002059, of 3115):	Subject (006096 .. 006104, of 11541):
Carbon distributes itself more and more uniformly in an	Carbon distributes itself more and more uniformly in an
Match 53 (1): Reference (002063 .. 002075, of 3115):	Subject (004271 .. 004283, of 11541):
that is what the laws of probability predict when diffusion alone is operative	that is what the laws of probability predict when diffusion alone is operative
Match 54 (1): Reference (002086 .. 002100, of 3115):	Subject (002190 .. 002204, of 11541):
not do macroscopically describable things which are extremely improbable from the microscopic point of view	not do macroscopically describable things which are extremely improbable from the microscopic point of view
Match 55 (1): Reference (002102 .. 002109, of 3115):	Subject (011524 .. 011532, of 11541):
Entropy sounds much more scientific than order but	Entropy sounds so much more scientific than order but
Match 56 (1): Reference (002264 .. 002282, of 3115):	Subject (004305 .. 004324, of 11541):
not vice versa is probability of all the possible arrangements atoms could take only a very small percentage could	not vice versa is also probability of all the possible arrangements atoms could take only a very small percentage could
Match 57 (1): Reference (002283 .. 002289, of 3115):	Subject (004344 .. 004350, of 11541):
add subtract multiply and divide real numbers	add subtract multiply and divide real numbers
Match 58 (1): Reference (002372 .. 002379, of 3115):	Subject (002197 .. 002204, of 11541):
extremely improbable from the microscopic point of view	extremely improbable from the microscopic point of view
Match 59 (1): Reference (002438 .. 002461, of 3115):	Subject (005596 .. 005619, of 11541):
What happens in a closed system depends on the initial conditions what happens in an open system depends on the boundary conditions as well	What happens in a closed system depends on the initial conditions what happens in an open system depends on the boundary conditions as well
Match 60 (1): Reference (002462 .. 002525, of 3115):	Subject (005398 .. 005460, of 11541):
The compensation counter argument was produced by people who generalized the model equation for closed systems but forgot to generalize the equation for open systems Both equations are only valid for our simple models where it is assumed that only heat conduction or diffusion is going on naturally in more complex situations the laws of probability do not make such simple predictions Nevertheless in	The compensation argument was produced by people who generalized the model equation for closed systems but forgot to generalize the equation for open systems Both equations are only valid for our simple models where it is assumed that only heat conduction or diffusion is going on naturally in more complex situations the laws of probability do not make such simple predictions Nevertheless in
Match 61 (1): Reference (002525 .. 002532, of 3115):	Subject (005623 .. 005630, of 11541):
in Can ANYTHING Happen in an Open System	in Can ANYTHING Happen in an Open System
Match 62 (1): Reference (002533 .. 002638, of 3115):	Subject (005463 .. 005568, of 11541):
I generalized the equations for open systems to the following tautology which is valid in all situations If an increase in order is extremely improbable when a system is closed it is still extremely improbable when the system is open unless something is entering which makes it not extremely improbable The fact that order is disappearing in the next room does not make it any easier for computers to appear in our room unless this order is disappearing into our room and then only if it is a type of order that makes the appearance of computers not extremely improbable for example computers Importing thermal order	I generalized the equation for open systems to the following tautology which is valid in all situations If an increase in order is extremely improbable when a system is closed it is still extremely improbable when the system is open unless something is entering which makes it not extremely improbable The fact that order is disappearing in the next room does not make it any easier for computers to appear in our room unless this order is disappearing into our room and then only if it is a type of order that makes the appearance of computers not extremely improbable for example computers Importing thermal order
Match 63 (1): Reference (002644 .. 002653, of 3115):	Subject (005570 .. 005579, of 11541):
make the temperature distribution less random and importing carbon order	make the temperature distribution less random and importing carbon order
Match 64 (1): Reference (002655 .. 002669, of 3115):	Subject (005581 .. 005595, of 11541):
make the carbon distribution less random but neither makes the formation of computers more probable	make the carbon distribution less random but neither makes the formation of computers more probable
Match 65 (1): Reference (002673 .. 002679, of 3115):	Subject (005624 .. 005630, of 11541):
Can ANYTHING Happen in an Open System	Can ANYTHING Happen in an Open System
Match 66 (1): Reference (002683 .. 002689, of 3115):	Subject (004890 .. 004896, of 11541):
Order can increase in an open system	order can increase in an open system
Match 67 (1): Reference (002683 .. 002792, of 3115):	Subject (005634 .. 005743, of 11541):
Order can increase in an open system not because the laws of probability are suspended when the door is open but simply because order may walk in through the door If we found evidence that DNA auto parts computer chips and books entered through the Earth s atmosphere at some time in the past then perhaps the appearance of humans cars computers and encyclopedias on a previously barren planet could be explained without postulating a violation of the second law here But if all we see entering is radiation and meteorite fragments it seems clear that what is entering through the boundary cannot explain the increase in order observed here	order can increase in an open system not because the laws of probability are suspended when the door is open but simply because order may walk in through the door If we found evidence that DNA auto parts computer chips and books entered through the Earth s atmosphere at some time in the past then perhaps the appearance of humans cars computers and encyclopedias on a previously barren planet could be explained without postulating a violation of the second law here But if all we see entering is radiation and meteorite fragments it seems clear that what is entering through the boundary cannot explain the increase in order observed here
Match 68 (1): Reference (002810 .. 002816, of 3115):	Subject (005797 .. 005803, of 11541):
does not violate the second law because	does not violate the second law because
Match 69 (1): Reference (002863 .. 002935, of 3115):	Subject (009883 .. 009954, of 11541):
perhaps it only seems extremely improbable but really is not that under the right conditions the influx of stellar energy into a planet could cause atoms to rearrange themselves into nuclear power plants and spaceships and digital computers But one would think that at least this would be considered an open question and those who argue that it really is extremely improbable and thus contrary to the basic principle underlying the second law	Perhaps it only seems extremely improbable but really isn t that under the right conditions the influx of stellar energy into a planet could cause atoms to rearrange themselves into nuclear power plants and spaceships and computers But one would think that at least this would be considered an open question and those who argue that it really is extremely improbable and thus contrary to the basic principle underlying the second law
Match 70 (1): Reference (002864 .. 002873, of 3115):	Subject (006994 .. 007003, of 11541):
it only seems extremely improbable but really is not that	it only seems extremely improbable but really isn t that
Match 71 (1): Reference (002938 .. 002954, of 3115):	Subject (009955 .. 009971, of 11541):
would be given a measure of respect and taken seriously by their colleagues but we are not	would be given a measure of respect and taken seriously by their colleagues but we aren t
Match 72 (1): Reference (003096 .. 003110, of 3115):	Subject (006081 .. 006095, of 11541):
can be described without resorting to an atom by atom or coin by coin accounting	can be described without resorting to an atom by atom or coin by coin accounting

Run Lengths: 
0001 : 5574
0007 : 12
0008 : 10
0009 : 4
0010 : 4
0011 : 3
0012 : 1
0013 : 2
0014 : 2
0015 : 5
0016 : 3
0017 : 1
0018 : 1
0019 : 3
0020 : 1
0023 : 1
0024 : 2
0026 : 2
0027 : 1
0032 : 1
0033 : 1
0036 : 1
0042 : 1
0044 : 1
0064 : 1
0070 : 1
0071 : 2
0073 : 1
0081 : 1
0103 : 1
0106 : 1
0110 : 1

Runmin=7, Wordskip=2, Anchormin=5, Smallword=4, Wordratio=0.75

About 1604 words out of 3116 words (51 %) in sewell_second_look.txt are due to sewell_itb_ch3-4-5.txt
sewell_second_look.txt,3116,sewell_itb_ch3-4-5.txt,11542,72,1604,51
Sat Mar  5 13:30:41 UTC 2011
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